가톨릭 신앙생활 Q&A 코너
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증오(憎惡, hatred)의 정의(definition) [교리용어_증오] [성경용어_증오] 969_토미즘학습 |
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2013-03-12 ㅣ No.1350
http://www.therealpresence.org/dictionary/h/h029.htm [(2025-03-03) 주: 새 주소] Personal hatred of God may take the form of disgust, when a person detests God because he punishes sinners. It is a grave sin because it is contrary to the justice of God. Another form is the hatred of enmity, when a person actually wished evil to God. Such hatred is of its nature diabolical, and is the most grievous of all sins, since it approximates the enmity that the devils have against God. Personal hatred of a human being is the direct opposite of the virtue of love. Where love inspires a person to wish well to another, hatred arouses the desire to do harm or have harm befall the one hated, not as a source of possible good, but precisely as evil. The gravity of such sins of personal hatred depends on how serious the harm wished or intended, and on how deliberately the malicious desires are harbored. Hatred or a quality in someone may be either sinful or not. If the hatred is directed only toward some evil quality that a person has, but does not touch that person, it is not sinful. It becomes sinful only if the hatred extends to the person who has some admittedly evil trait or sinful habit. Moreover, it becomes specially sinful when the hatred is directed at some virtue that a person possesses, even when the enmity does not extend to the individual personally.
[내용 추가 일자: 2025-03-03] 2. 다음의 주소에 접속하면, 고대 그리스 철학자로서 성 토마스 아퀴나스(St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274년)의 신학 대전(Summa Theologiae)에서 "이 철학자"(the philosopher)로 불리는, 아리스토텔레스[Aristotle, 기원전 384-322년(주: 알렉산더 대왕 병사 직후 1년)]의 "수사학"(Rethoric), Book II, 4에서 "anger"(분노)와 "enmity"(적의)에 대한 설명을 읽을 수 있습니다: 출처: https://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG2266/__PJ.HTM (발췌 시작) Things that cause friendship are: doing kindnesses; doing them unasked; and not proclaiming the fact when they are done, which shows that they were done for our own sake and not for some other reason. Enmity and Hatred should clearly be studied by reference to their opposites. Enmity may be produced by anger or spite or calumny. Now whereas anger arises from offences against oneself, enmity may arise even without that; we may hate people merely because of what we take to be their character. Anger is always concerned with individuals-a Callias or a Socrates-whereas hatred is directed also against classes: we all hate any thief and any informer. Moreover, anger can be cured by time; but hatred cannot. The one aims at giving pain to its object, the other at doing him harm; the angry man wants his victims to feel; the hater does not mind whether they feel or not. All painful things are felt; but the greatest evils, injustice and folly, are the least felt, since their presence causes no pain. And anger is accompanied by pain, hatred is not; the angry man feels pain, but the hater does not. Much may happen to make the angry man pity those who offend him, but the hater under no circumstances wishes to pity a man whom he has once hated: for the one would have the offenders suffer for what they have done; the other would have them cease to exist. It is plain from all this that we can prove people to be friends or enemies; if they are not, we can make them out to be so; if they claim to be so, we can refute their claim; and if it is disputed whether an action was due to anger or to hatred, we can attribute it to whichever of these we prefer. (이상, 발췌 끝) 게시자 주: 바로 위의 주소는, 다음의 주소들에 있는 졸고들에서 제시하고 있는 바로 그 주소입니다: http://ch.catholic.or.kr/pundang/4/soh/1086.htm <----- 꼭 필독 권고 [제목: [꼭필독] 하느님의 사랑의 정의(definition)에 대하여 4/4 [영광] [divine glory] [성경용어_사랑]] [교리용어_사랑] [성경해석]; 게시일자: 2011-07-21] http://ch.catholic.or.kr/pundang/4/soh/1295.htm <----- 꼭 필독 권고 [제목: 정(情, passions) [번역오류_욕정] [_사욕편정]; 게시일자: 2012-11-16] http://ch.catholic.or.kr/pundang/4/soh/1636.htm <----- 꼭 필독 권고 [제목: 번역오류: 우리말본과 영어본 가톨릭 교회 교리서 제1766항 [Ia IIae q26 a4 신학대전] [번역누락] [번역오류]; 게시일자: 2015-05-17] 3. 그리고 다음의 주소에 접속하면, "사랑"(love)의 반대 개념인, "증오"(hatred)에 대한 필자의 졸고들을 학습할 수 있습니다:
또한 필독 권고:
http://ch.catholic.or.kr/pundang/4/soh/1881.htm <----- 꼭 필독 권고 [제목:차용 번역 용어들인 애정愛情(love) 등 11개의 정情(passions)들 사이의 유관 관계가 최초로 구체적으로 서술된 한문본 문헌은 수신서학 이다; 게시일자: 2017-12-15] http://ch.catholic.or.kr/pundang/4/soh/mansuetudo(겸화)_in_갈라티아5_23_2989.htm <----- 꼭 필독 권고 [제목: [꼭필독] 원망, 혐오, 증오, 더 나아가 살인(인격살인 포함)까지 야기하는 칠죄종들 중의 한 개인 분노의 통제를 위하여 겸화의 덕(갈라티아 5,23)이 필요하다; 게시일자: 2023-02-14] [이상, 2025-03-03일자 내용 추가 끝]
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