가톨릭 신앙생활 Q&A 코너

UNDER the oldest part of Jerusalem, the area known as the City of David, a maze of tunnels and shafts runs through the rock and deep into biblical history. In ancient times, the people inside the city walls depended on this system to deliver water from the ever-flowing Gihon Spring outside, insuring a dependable water supply in war and peace.

But nearly everything else about the old underground waterworks, especially its recorded role in two pivotal events in the history of ancient Israel, has left scholars shaking their heads in puzzlement.

Archeologists and biblical scholars have long wondered if it was these dark, subterranean passages that enabled King David to capture Jerusalem 3,000 years ago. Biblical accounts suggest that David's general, Joab, surprised the Jebusites, or Canaanites, by sneaking in through a hidden passage. But did any of these tunnels exist at this early time? Were the Canaanites or anyone else then capable of such excavations?

Engineers have long noted that whoever built these passages seemed to go about the task in the most curious way, with no logic in the choice of some routes, slopes and dimensions of the tunnels and many ostensible mistakes in design.

Take Hezekiah's Tunnel. According to the Bible, King Hezekiah, expecting an attack and possibly a long siege by the Assyrians in the eighth century B.C., had a tunnel built to bring water from the spring to an open reservoir within the walled city, which extends south of the Temple Mount. The siege occurred in 701 B.C., but failed, presumably in no small part because of the tunnel and its secure water supply. But why did the tunnel follow such a serpentine course, extending 1,748 feet, when a straight line of 1,050 feet would have been sufficient and easier to build?

Now, many of these questions can apparently be answered. Previous explanations had been based on the assumption that the tunnels were entirely man-made. Scholars should have consulted a geologist sooner.

A comprehensive geological study of underground Jerusalem has recently shown that the channels and shafts were formed by natural forces tens of thousands of years ago. That means there may have been an underground passage through which Joab infiltrated the Canaanite city. And Hezekiah's Tunnel is winding and irregular because the builders simply modified a natural fissure.

Dr. Dan Gill, a senior geologist with the Geological Survey of Israel, first reported the discovery three years ago in the journal Science. Underlying the City of David, he found, is a well-developed karst system, a geological term for a region of irregular sinks, caverns and channels caused by ground water seeping through underground rock, mainly limestone and dolomite. Similar processes account for the many caves under the limestone of Kentucky.

In the current issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, Dr. Gill has described the findings in more detail and discussed their implications for archeological research and biblical history. The geology, he said, provides "a simple, consistent and unified solution" to "most of the puzzles that have heretofore stumped researchers."

The extent and peculiarities of the underground water system were discovered and explored in the 19th century. The passages were all connected to Gihon Spring, the Old City's sole source of fresh water and the reason that a city came to be built there. Modern Jerusalem's water supply is piped in from Lake Tiberias.

From Gihon Spring, which is in a cave, there runs a short, irregular tunnel leading to a vertical shaft that goes straight up 37 feet. This is called Warren's Shaft, after the British engineer Charles Warren, who explored it in 1867.

Someone standing on a rock platform at the top of the shaft could drop a bucket on a rope and draw up the cool water. A gently sloping tunnel, and then a steeper one, connect the platform with an entryway at the surface. Though the spring is a little outside the wall, the entryway to Warren's Shaft is safely inside.

Another important component, Hezekiah's Tunnel, was rediscovered in 1837 by Edward Robinson, an American Orientalist. The tunnel, drawing on the same spring, runs from the base of Warren's Shaft until it debouches in an open reservoir known as the Pool of Siloam. An inscription on the tunnel wall, written in ancient Hebrew script, tells how two teams digging from opposite ends managed to meet in the middle. That was an achievement that scholars found virtually inexplicable because of the winding route the tunnel followed, but the new findings show that the workers were actually following and widening the route of existing passages.

Systematic explorations were not renewed until 1978, when the late Dr. Yigal Shiloh, an Israeli archeologist, began research on the City of David. Dr. Gill, as the project's chief geologist, re-examined the waterworks and in 1980 began to recognize a clear example of function following form.

Beneath the City of David, he found, lie two layers of rock, highly porous limestone on top of more impervious dolomite. Warren's Shaft is a natural sinkhole that developed along a joint in the limestone. Its bottom narrows into a funnel-like shape, typical of a karstic sinkhole, and carbon dating of the calcium crust on its walls indicates an age of more than 40,000 years.

"This provides unequivocal evidence that the shaft could not have been dug by man," Dr. Gill wrote.

But the inhabitants of ancient Jerusalem probably took a hand to make the sinkhole into a well, he said, by widening the fissure between it and the spring and by sealing the bottom of the shaft to prevent leakage. Likewise, the people modified natural passages from the top of the shaft to the surface, widening them and cutting out steps.

David's capture of Jerusalem around 1000 B.C. is described in the books of II Samuel and I Chronicles. Responding to Canaanite taunting that he could not conquer their city, David instructed Joab to have his men reach, or perhaps climb, the "tsinnor." The use of this word, variously translated as water shaft, battlement, scaling hook or even penis, has led to no end of speculation.

After a careful analysis of the word's use elsewhere in the Bible and in classical Hebrew, Dr. Terence Kleven, professor of Jewish history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, has concluded that tsinnor should be translated as a conduit for water or a water shaft.

But most archeologists, including Dr. Shiloh, had not thought the Canaanites were capable of constructing the kind of underground system found at the City of David. Such man-made waterworks are unknown in the pre-Israelite cities of the area.

Linguistics and archeology aside, Dr. Gill has now concluded, the new evidence established that Jerusalem in the time of the Canaanites could have been entered through at least two underground passages, the one at the cave of Gihon and another, narrow tunnel higher on the hillside, which is now blocked. Both tunnels connect to Warren's Shaft, the geologists said, and even before they were modified as a water system, they were probably wide enough for a person to pass through.

Although dolomite is more solid than limestone, cracks do occur under seismic stresses or at boundaries where different layers meet, and over time the erosion of water seeping along the fissures can leave substantial horizontal passages, Dr. Gill explained. This could explain most of the anomalies in Hezekiah's Tunnel, especially its serpentine route and the varying height of its ceiling from 6 feet to as much as 16. It could also explain how the workers, using oil-burning lamps, could get enough air to survive the construction.

One engineering modification was necessary to the success of the tunnel. The floor had to be cut to provide a slight descending slope, a mere 12.5 inches in the course of 1,748 feet, so that water could flow from the spring to the reservoir.

"This precision," Dr. Gill wrote, "suggests that anomalies like the varying height of the ceiling and the circuitous route of the tunnel were not the result of incompetence or carelessness."

In a telephone interview from Jerusalem, Dr. Gill said the "evidence is very, very clear" that the water works of ancient Jerusalem were created by the skillful adaptation of these natural fissures, providing a plentiful form of water, and this was what may have saved Jerusalem from the Assyrians.

(이상, 발췌 끝)

2-2. 다음에 안내된, 19세기 중반 이후에 예루살렘 지역의 유관 고고학 발굴들의 결과물들로서 마련된, 약도들을 정밀하게 들여다보도록 하십시오.

특히, 아래의 약도들에서 발견자 이름을 붙여서 "Warren's Shaft"(워렌의수직 바위 틈새, 약 13 meter 깊이) 라고 불리는, 자연적으로 형성된, 당시의 사람들이 사용하였던 지하 우물의 수직의 바위 틈새(shaft)가, 바로 이 여부스족의 성채 안쪽으로 침입에 성공한, 다윗의 여형제인 츠루야의 아들 요압(1역대 2,3-16 참조)이 통과한, 이 성채[주: 나중에 "다윗의 성"으로 불림] 아래 암반 지반 30-40 meter 정도, 수평으로, 동쪽에 위치한, 지하 동굴 속 샘인, 기혼 샘(Gihon Springs)들에서 물길을 따라 진입할 수 있는, "지하 수로"에 포함된다고 합니다[주: 위의 제2-1항 참조].

그리고 지표 면에서 그리 깊지 않은 한 개의 지하 동굴 안에 있는 바로 이 기혼 샘들은, 약 6-8시간의 간격으로, 약 40분간 간헐적으로(intermittently) 물을 뿜어내는, 카르스트 지형에서 볼 수 있는 샘들이라고 합니다[주: 아래의 제2-3항 참조].

2-2-1. 남쪽 유다 왕국의 임금 히즈키야의 통치(기원전 716-687년) 중에 기존의 바위 틈새들을 파[고 또 필요시 연결시켜]서 확장된 약간 경사진 터널을 통하여 아직도 기혼 샘의 물이 실로암(Siloam) 연못까지 흐르고 있는데, 기혼 샘에서 출발하여 길이가 530m 정도인 이 지하 터널 수로를 걸어가면 실로암 연못이 나타난다. 다음의 지도를 참고하라:

출처: http://www.templemount.org/theories.html 

(발췌 시작)

(이상, 발췌 끝)

2-2-2. 출처: https://www.generationword.com/jerusalembook/25.html 

(발췌 시작)

(이상, 발췌 끝)

2-2-3. 출처 1: https://www.generationword.com/jerusalembook/18.html 

출처 2: https://www.generationword.com/jerusalem101/18-gihon-springs.html 

(출처 2로부터 발췌 시작)

Details of the natural water supply from the Gihon Springs and the water system developed by the Jebusites, David, Hezekiah and others.
This Gihon Spring still fills the water system today.

(이상, 발췌 끝)

2-2-4. 출처: https://peterwampler.blog/2014/11/21/jerusalem-city-of-david/ 

(발췌 시작)

(이상, 발췌 끝)

2-2-5. 출처: https://armstronginstitute.org/724-an-ingenious-sluice-gate-in-hezekiahs-tunnel-revealed-by-new-research 

(발췌 시작)

Plan of the waterworks system around the mouth of the Gihon Spring. Blue relates to the eighth century work of Hezekiah; purple and yellow, to the earlier, existing pools and passages. (Vincent, 1911, with modifications after Reich, Avni and Winter, 1999.)

(이상, 발췌 끝)

[내용 추가 일자: 2022년 12월 2일] 

2-2-6. 다음은, 필자가 소장 중인, "The Bible as History", Second Revised Editon, Werner Keller, Barnes & Noble Books, 1995, 제193쪽에서 발췌한 바인데, 영국군 장교 Warren이 "Warren's shaft"를 발견하게 된 과정을 기술하고 있습니다:

게시자 주 2-2-6: (1) (i) 위의 제2-2-3항에 제시된 약도 및 제2-2-4항에 제시된 약도를 들여다볼 때에, 그리고 (ii) 바로 아래에 발췌된 바를 본글에 입력하기 적어도 하루 전에 필자에 의하여 작성된 아래의 제3항 중의 제3-3-2항을 읽을 때에, 바로 아래에 발췌된 기술을 또한 반드시 함께 읽도록 하라.

(발췌 시작)

     Finally, in Jerusalem, later David's capital, the foundations of a tower and large sections of the revetment certainly point to David as the builder. "So David dwelt in the fort and called it the city of David. And David built round about...."

     The romantic manner in which the stoutly guarded stronghold of Jerusalem fell into David's hands was brought to light last century partly by chance and partly by the scouting proclivities of a British army captain.

     On the east side of Jerusalem where the rock slopes down into the Kidron valley lies the "Ain Sitti Maryam," the "Fountain of the Virgin Mary." In the Old Testament it is called "Gihon," "bubbler," and it has always been the main water supply for the inhabitants of the city. The road to it goes past the remains of a small mosque and into a vault. Thirty steps lead down to a little basin in which the pure water from the heart of the rock is gathered.

     In 1867 Captin Warren, in company with a crowd of pilgrimes, visited the famous spring[주: 기혼 샘], which, according to the legend, is the place where Mary washed the swaddling clothes of her little Son. Despite the semi-darkness Warren noticed on this visit a dark cavity in the roof, a few yards above the spot where the water flowed out of the rock. Apparantly no one had ever noticed this before because when Warren asked about it nobody could tell him anything.

     Filled with curiosity he went back to the Virgin Fountiain[주: 기혼 샘] next day equipped with a ladder and a long rope. He had no idea that an adventurous and somewhat perilous quest  lay ahead of him.

     Behind the spring a narrow shaft led off at first horizontally and then straight up into the rock. Warren was an alpine expert and well equipped with this type of chimney climbing. Carefully, hand over hand, he made his way upwards. After about 40 feet the shaft suddenly come to an end. Feeling his way in the darkness Warren eventually found a narrow passage. Crawling on all fours he followed it. A number of steps had been cut in the rock. After some time he saw ahead of him a glimmering of light. He reached a vaulted chamber which contained nothing but old jars and glass bottles covered in dust. He forced himself through a chink in the rock and found himself in a broad daylight in the middle of the city, with the Fountain of the Virgin lying far below him.

     Closer investigation by Parker, who in 1918 went from the United Kingdom under the auspices of the Palestine Exploration Fund, showed that this remarkable arrangement dated from the second millennium B.C. The inhabitants of old Jerusalem had been at pains to cut a corridor through the rock in order that in time of siege they could reach in safety the spring that meant life or death to them.

      Warren's curiosity had discovered the way which 3,000 years earlier David had used to take the fortress of old Jerusalem by surprise. David's scouts must have known about this secret passage, as we can now see from a Biblical reference which was previously obscure. David says: "Whoever getting up to the gutte and smitteth the Jebusites..." (2 Sam. 5,8). The Authorized Version translated as "gutter" the Hebrew word "sinnor", which means a "shaft" or a "channel".

      Warren solved only half the problem, however, for the opening of the shaft lay outside the wall which in his day were thought to be those of the old Jebusite Jerusalem dating from before David's time. Anybody who had climbed through the shaft would still have found himself facing the Jebusite wall. It was not until the sixties of this century that the extensive excavations of Kathleen M. Kenyon cleared the matter up. The wall of what had been considered the most ancient Jerusalem was, in fact, not so old as had been thought. A much older wall was revealed which dated from before David's day and this wall ran along the slope below the opening to the enterance to the spring. David's men who had climbed throught the shaft, consequently emerged not in front of but a good distance behind what was actually Jerusalem's oldest wall; they were right inside the town which they were aiming to capture. This confirms the second Book of Samuel 5,8 and thus removes much of the puzzling nature of this passage.

(이상, 발췌 끝)

게시자 주 2-2-6: (2) 그리고 다음의 첫 번째 주소에 접속하면, 바로 위에 발췌된 바를 또한 읽을 수 있다:

http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/bible_as_history_w_keller.htm#_Toc101571882 

http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/bible_as_history_w_keller.htm 

[이상, 2022년 12월 2일자 내용 추가 끝]

2-3. 다음은, "Water for Jerusalem"(예루살렘을 위한 물) 제목의 서베이 논문에서 유관 부분을 발췌한 것입니다. 연대순에 따라, 상당히 도움이 되는 내용을 담고 있다는 생각이며, 전문 필독을 권고드립니다:

출처: https://oregondigital.org/downloads/oregondigital:df70rb571 <----- 전문 필독 권고

(발췌 시작)

WATER FOR JERUSALEM

YITZCHAK DINUR

[...]

The city's perennial water problems stem from its location on the northsouth ridge of the Judean Mountains, at a point close to the dividing line between the desert and sown land, where the rain is variable and there is only one spring close by, The Gusher (in Hebrew, the Gihon). This location is an important strategic point, where the north-south road connecting Hebron, Bethlehem, Jerusalem and Nablus is crossed by the road from the coast to the Jordan Valley.

The earliest, Canaanite, city was located on the eastern slopes of two hills outside the present Old City, and the spring issued from the bottom of one of these. A stepped curved tunnel was dug inside the slope down to the spring for safe access to water even in times of siege. To no avail, it seems. When King David decided to conquer the city, then called Jebus, he and his men gained entrance up this tunnel , according to the Book of Samuel II 5:8, and surprised the inhabitants from within the walls. 

The Gihon Spring, which gushes intermittently for about 40 minutes at a time, with breaks of six to eight hours between these activities, was the focus of all ancient water systems of Jerusalem, of which there are three: Warren's Shaft, the earliest, which contains the above stepped curved tunnel and is named after Charles Warren who discovered it in 1876; the Siloam Channel/Tunnel which led the waters to the Siloam Pool ; and Hezekiah's Tunnel. The last, which replaced the earlier channel after it fell into disuse, and whose construction is described in the Bible in several places, is still open today and serves as a locale for exciting (though wet and chilly) walks.

The University's excavations of the City of David , led by the late Prof. Yigal Shiloh, clarified the details of Warren's Shaft which is really a well-developed system containing an entrance area, a stepped tunnel , a horizontal tunnel , the vertical shaft and a tunnel connecting it to the spring . A hydro-geological survey, performed by Dr. Dan Gill of the Israel Geological Survey within the framework of these excavations, showed that the shaft's builders utilized natural clefts, tunnels and shafts to build it.

Of the next-built water system, the Siloam Channel/Tunnel (Chunnel?) , parts of which had been lost under later debris, the City of David Expedition discovered three previously unknown segments, and they found that it differed basically from water systems in other cities of this period . It carried water partly in a channel and partly in a tunnel to the Siloam and other pools, it could be used for irrigation as well as for domestic water supply, and it was entirely outside the city walls, making it only a peacetime system.

The Siloam Channel/Tunnel was replaced in 701 B.C.E. by Hezekiah's Tunnel, which solved the special problems of water supply in the City of David in a sophisticated though simple manner. The curved, gently sloping tunnel, which is 533 meters long though the straight-line distance is only 320 meters, enabled the full exploitation of the spring by channel ing all the waters to a single large reservoir, the Siloam Pool near the present-day Arab village of Silwan, providing absolute control over the precious liquid. The City of David Expedition's results do not enable the dating of the Siloam Channel, though it seems clear that Warren's Shaft, the city's first water system, was built some little time before Jebus became the City of David.

The well-arranged water system, based on Hezekiah's Tunnel, served Jerusalem faithfully until the city was destroyed by the Babylonians in 587 B.C. E. After the Return from Babylon 50 years later, Jerusalem and its infrastructure, including city walls, streets and main water supply, were slowly rebuilt. The so-called Letter of Aristeas, written in the second century B.C.E. by an unknown Egyptian Jew, contains a pleasing picture of Hasmonean Jerusalem, with its triple wall, its markets, and its ample supply of drinking water.

These supplies were sufficient while Jerusalem was the main city of a reduced Judea, but with the growth of the Hasmonean kingdom and of immigration from the Jewish Diaspora which sent many settlers and pilgrims to Jerusalem, it became one of the great cities of the region. This considerable expansion gradually created a serious water problem, since the Gihon Spring, the reservoirs and the cisterns no longer sufficed. As in many cities of the Hellenistic-Roman world the problem was solved by constructing aqueducts to bring water from a distance.

Such aqueducts are mentioned in the Talmud, which relates that the High Priest used waters from an aqueduct for ritual immersion. It would seem that Herod, among his widespread building activities, also had aqueducts constructed , and it is known that the Roman Procurator Pontius Pilate's endeavors to divert Temple funds for constructing an aqueduct were the cause of serious rioting. This same aqueduct was later destroyed by Jewish extremists during the First Revolt against the Romans in 70 C.E.

[...]

(이상, 발췌 끝) 

3. 본글을 마무리하면서

3-1. 다른 한편으로, 요즈음 말하는 "시온 산", 즉, 요즈음 말하는 "모리야 산"의 서쪽에 위치한, "모리야 산"보다 약간 더 높은, 산은, 예루살렘 대성전이 로마 군대에 의하여 파괴된 기원후 70년 직후의 시기에 들어와, 왜냐하면 아마도 그들이 생각할 때에 빛나는 "다윗의 궁전"이 오랜 기간에 걸쳐 방치된 채로 버려져 있었던, 위의 제2항에서 그 정확한 위치가 19세기 후반부에 들어와 비로소 처음으로 실증적으로(positively) 고증/입증된, 바로 그 초라한 "시온 산" 위에 위치하였을 수도 있다고 도무지 상상조차 할 수 없었기 때문인 듯, 66년경부터 저술 작업에 임하였다고 알려진[The Jewish War(75년); Antiquities of the Jews(94년)], 유다인 역사가 요세푸스(Titus Flavius Josephus, 37-100년경)를 비롯하여 예루살렘 주민들인 유다인들에 의하여 처음으로 "시온 산"이라고 믿기 시작하였다고 하는데, 그 이유는 아마도 예루살렘 대성전의 파괴로 인하여 유다주의의 우주관 자체가 파괴되었다고 당시의 유다인들이 생각하였기 때문일 것입니다.

지금 말씀드린 바에 대하여서는, 예를 들어, 다음의 주소에 접속하면 읽을 수 있는, 바르길 피크너 신부님(Bargil Pixner,1921-2002년, 베네딕토회)의 책 "Paths of the Messiah and Sites of the Early Church from Galilee to Jerusalem"의 제320-322쪽에서 더 자세한 내용을 읽을 수 있습니다:

http://ch.catholic.or.kr/pundang/4/pilgrimage/Pixner_Paths_of_the_Messiah.htm <----- 필독 권고 

[주: 바로 이 소중한 자료는, 2021년 3월 21일자로 http://www.archive.org에 처음 올려진 자료임]

3-2. 그리고 바로 위의 제3-1항에 안내된 바르길 피크너 신부님(Bargil Pixner,1921-2002년, 베네딕토회)의 책, 제321쪽에는 다음의 추측이 있습니다: 즉, 다윗 임금의 아들인 솔로몬 임금이 "다윗의 성" 바로 위 북쪽에 위치한 모리야 산 위에 대성전을 건축한 이후의 시기에 들어와, 바로 이 "모리야 산"이 유다인들에 의하여, 위의 제2항에서 그 정확한 위치가 19세기 후반부에 들어와 실증적으로(positively) 고증/입증된, 바로 그 애초의 "시온 산"으로 불리던 산 대신에, "시온 산"으로 불리기 시작한 것 같다(seems)[이상, 추측 끝]. 많이 부족한 죄인인 필자가 생각할 때에, 이 추측 자체는 아마도 역사적 사실일 것이라는 생각인데, 왜냐하면 주님의 계약 궤가 시온 산 위의 다윗의 성으로부터 솔로몬 임금이 건축한 모리야 산 위의 대성전으로 옮겨졌기 때문입니다.

3-3.

3-3-1. 이상 본글에서 고찰한 바로부터, 다음의 문제점 한 개를 말씀드릴 수 있다는 생각입니다: 즉, 기원전 1000년부터 기원전 50년까지의 기간 동안에 "시온", "시온 산"이라는 지명이 기록된 동일한 구약 성경 본문들을, 특히, 위의 제1항에 발췌된 바들을 읽어 왔음에도 불구하고, 그러나 이들 유관 성경 본문들을 읽고 이해하고자 하는, 애초의 기록자보다 먼 후대의 시기에 살고 있는 독자들이, 예를 들어, 성경 본문 그 자체와는 무관한, 전통의 단절, 자신들의 무지, 제한된 크기의 사고의 폭 등의 이유 때문에, 이들 성경 본문들을 어떻게 해석하느냐에 따라, "시온", "시온 산"이라는 지명이 나타내는 유일한 장소이어야 하는 바로 그 장소가, 실증적인(positive) 고증/입증/논증의 과정 대신에, 위의 제3-1항에서 살펴보았듯이 유다인 역사가 요세푸스를 비롯하여 예루살렘 주민들인 유다인들에 의하여 행해진, "다수결에 의한 투표"에 의존한 잘못된 해석에 의하여, 현격하게 달라졌음을, 구체적으로 목격하였다는 생각입니다.

그리고 "수사학적 강조들 그 자체로부터는 어떠한 진리도 창출될 수 없고 그리고 또한 발견될 수도 없음"을 진실로 인정하지 않는 한, 위와 같은 문제, 즉, "다수결에 의한 투표"에 의한 오류들의 발생의 문제는 앞으로도 계속될 것이라는 생각을 하게 됩니다. 

3-3-2. 특히, 바로 위의 제2항에서 말씀드린, "시온", "시온 산"의 정확한 위치를 찾아내기 위한 고고학적 실증적인(positive) 고증/입증 방법은, 많이 부족한 죄인인 필자가 생각할 때에, 반드시 19세기 중반 혹은 그 이후의 시기에만 오로지 수행할 수 있었던, 매우 특별한, 고난도의, 그 무엇을 요구하지 않는다고 생각합니다.

그러니까, (i) 위의 제1항에서 필자가 제시한 구약 성경 본문의 유관 절들을 찾아내는 작업은, 무슨 특별한 지식을 요구하는 것도 아니고, 그야말로 그냥 성실하게 정신적 "인내와 끈기"만 발휘하면, 누구라도 수행할 수 있는 평범한 일이며, 그리고 (ii) 위의 제2항에 안내해 드린 고고학적 고증/입증 작업도 이미 형성되어 있는 혹은 마련되어 있는, "기혼 샘"에서 출발하는 지하 수로가, 장애물도 없고, 걸어서 들어갈 수 없는 정도의 크기가 아니라면, 이 수로를 따라서 얼마간의 거리까지 걸어서 들어가면서, 2사무엘 5,8에 명확하게 기록되어 있는 결정적인 증거인 "천장에 뚫려 있는 구멍", 즉, 1867년 이후 어느 날부터 "Warren's shaft"로 불리는 바를 찾아내는 작업도, 무슨 특별한 지식을 요구하는 것도 아니고, 횃불 혹은 등불로써 지하 수로의 천장을 면밀하게 살피고 그리고, 오래 전에 츠루야의 아들 요압이 성공하였듯이(2사무엘 5,8), 실제로 약 13 meter 정도 높이의 가파른 우물 벽을, 벽타기를 하여, 위쪽으로 올라가는 데에 요구되는 육체적 "인내와 끈기"만 발휘하면, 누구라도 수행할 수 있는 평범한 일이라는 생각입니다. 왜냐하면, 13 meter 정도 깊이의 우물은, 일단 해당 우물에 도착하기만 하면, 우물 바닥에서 위로 바라보거나 혹은 우물 위의 물을 퍼올리는 쪽에서 우물 바닥을 바라보거나 간에, 횃불 혹은 등불로써 밝은 상태에서, 그리 깊은 우물이 결코 아님을, 육안으로도 누구나 쉽게 확인할 수 있기 때문입니다.

3-3-3. 더구나, 1867년에 이르러, 예루살렘 지역의 유다인이 아닌, 영국인인 영국 장교 Charles Warren에 의하여 소위 말하는 "Warren's shaft"가 발견되었다는 것은 납득하기 어렵습니다.

무슨 말씀인고 하면, 기원후 70년에 예루살렘 대성전이 파괴된 이후부터 하느님께 제사를 드리지 못하게 된 유다주의의 정신적 지도자 집단인 라삐들이, 기원후 1세기부터 19세기 중반에 이르기까 무려 거의 1,800여년의 긴 세월 동안 ,소위 말하는 "Warren's shaft"를 찾아내기 위한 진지한 노력을 별로 하지 않아 온 것으로 보이며, 대신에, 구약 성경에서 말하는 "시온 산"이 요즈음 말하는 "시온 산"이라는 얼토당토 않은 해석을 기원후 1세기부터 20세기 말에 이르기까지 계속 해 온 것으로 보이는데, 바로 이러한 행위에 그 자체에 대하여 도무지 납득할 수 없다는 이야기 입니다.

여러분들의 생각에, 다윗 임금에 의하여 "다윗의 성"으로 불리기 시작한 바로 그 산 그 자체에 부착된 고유한 명사 "시온 산"이, 다윗 임금을 매우 존경하는 유다인들에 의하여, 기원후 1세기에 들어와 엉뚱한 산의 명칭으로 바뀐 것에 대하여, 필자가 너무 비판적이라 생각하시는지요?

-----

참고 자료들:

https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/hbd/j/jebusites.html 

https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/hbd/z/zion.html 

https://www.studylight.org/dictionaries/eng/hbd/j/jerusalem.html 

-----

3-3-4. 다른 한편으로, 

3-3-4-1. 다음의 주소에 접속하면, 영어 Wekipedia에 표제어로 수록된 "Mount Zion"(시온 산)에 대한 설명을 읽을 수 있는데,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zion <----- 필독 권고

참고로, 본글은, 바로 위의 주소에 접속하면 읽을 수 있는 내용들 중의 가장 중요한 부분들의 성경적 및 성서 고고학적 근거들 등을 제시하고 있다는 생각입니다.

3-3-4-2. [심각한 수순의 오류의 정보 제공] 다음의 주소에 접속하면, 우리말 위키페디어에 표제어로 수록된 "시온 산"에 대한 설명을 읽을 수 있는데, 그러나 대단히 유감스럽게도, 바로 위의 제3-3-4-1항에 안내된 영어 Wekipedia에 표제어로 수록된 "Mount Zion"(시온 산)에 대한 설명과는 너무도 다른, 심각한 수준의 오류의 정보가 담긴 설명이 올려져 있습니다:  

출처: https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A8%EC%82%B0 <----- 필독 권고

(발췌 시작; 발췌 일자 2022년 12월 1일)

시온산(Mt. Zion)은 예루살렘 성전의 시온문(다윗의 문) 밖에 위치한 산이다. 이곳은(*1) 제2성전 시대의 예루살렘 위쪽의 도시 남단에 해당하는 지역으로 구약성서에 이 지명이 자주 언급되고 있으며, 유대인에게도 예루살렘이나 성지를 일컫는 단어이기도 하다. 시온산에는(*2) 다윗 왕의 무덤, 최후의 만찬 장소, 마가의 다락방, 베드로 통곡교회 등의 유적이 있다.

(이상, 발췌 끝)

그러니까, 바로 위에 발췌된 바에서, (*1)이 가리키는 "시온 산" 그리고 (*2)에서 말해지고 있는 "시온 산"이 동일한 산이 결코 아님을, 바로 위의 설명만을 오로지 읽는 독자들이 어떻게 알아차릴 수 있을 것인지, 참으로 궁금합니다.

따라서, 본글은 여전히 언어 장벽, 문화 장벽 안쪽에 갇혀 있는 우리말 인터넷 정보들을 지적하는 한 개의 예(example)이기도 합니다.

3-4. 지금까지 본글에서 말씀드린 바들은 국내에 제대로 잘 전달되지 못한 내용이라는 생각에, 며칠 동안 상당한 시간을 할애하여, 인터넷 기반 빅 테이터 분석 작업을 수행하여, 위의 자료들을 확보하였고 또 본글을 여기까지 작성하였습니다. 남은 작업으로서, 우리말 번역은, 시간적 여유가 없어, 필자가 제공해 드리지 못하게 되었는데, 너그럽게 이해해 주시면 고맙겠습니다.

† 성부와 성자와 성령의 이름으로 아멘. 

----------

작성자: 교수 소순태 마태오 (Ph.D.)

작업에 소요된 시간: 약 30시간

작성자 주: 2020년 가해 부활 제3주일부터, 매주 시리즈의 형식으로 진행되고 있는 본 "주일 전례성경 묵상 동영상 교안"은 통상적으로 이틀 동안의 묵상 후에 작성되고 있으며, 그리고 묵상 동영상 녹화 후에 추가적인 묵상의 결과로서 내용 보강이 진행되기도 합니다. 

[아래의 안내 첫 공지일자: 2021년 3월 10일]

이곳은 2004년에 굿뉴스 서버에 개설된 "가톨릭 문서 선교회"가 운영/관리하는 Big DataBase Archive 구축 공간 및 2000년 대희년부터 당시 교육부 지원 공동연구/교육용 SGI Origin 3400 수퍼컴퓨터 사용자들을 위하여 연구/개발해 온 고유한 AI 알고리즘/빅 데이터 분석 기법 기반 최신 연구 결과물들의 제공처이기도 합니다. 따라서 또한 이곳은, 문화장벽(culture barriers)들/언어장벽(language barriers)들 등에 기인하는 형이상학 개념(metaphysical concepts)들의 전달 장애/훼손/오류 등의 조기 회복/복원 및 하느님으로부터 오는 이들 개념들 사이에 현존하는 진리인 유의미한 관계의 상태들의 전달/발견 등을 실증적으로(positively) 추구해 온, 연구/교육, 선교/전교/복음화 및 토착화, 공간이기도 합니다.