인창동성당 게시판
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6월30일(6월29일) 복자 라이문도 룰로 순교자♬태양의 찬가 |
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2007-07-20 ㅣ No.2017
라이문두스 룰루스(Raymundus Lullus, 또는 라이문도 룰로)는 모슬렘으로부터 마요르카(Mallorca) 섬을 구출한 어느 장군의 아들로서 마요르카 섬의 팔마(Palma) 태생이며, 아라곤(Aragun)의 야고보 1세 왕의 신하가 되었고, 1257년에 블랑카 피카니와 결혼하였다. 2명의 자녀를 두었지만 라이문두스는 은거생활을 추구하였는데, 1263년에 그리스도의 환시를 본 뒤로 생활을 완전히 바꾸었다. 산티아고 데 콤포스텔라(Santiago de Compostela)와 로카마두르를 순례한 후, 그는 프란치스코회 3회원이 되었고, 가족들의 생계 외에는 모든 재산을 가난한 사람들에게 희사하였다.
* 아빌라의 성녀 데레사 동정학자 축일:10월15일,게시판1420번. 북아프리카 선교사들 중에 복자 아스콜리의 곤라도(+1298)가 있다. 전기작가들은 리비아의 베두인들의 수많은 개종을 그의 공로로 돌리고 있다. 그러나 3회원 이었던 복자 라이문도 롤로(+1316)만큼 회교도들 가운데서의 사도직에 대한 매력을 불러일으킨 공로를 세운 이는 없다. 이 열정적인 선교사가 착수한 일 중의 하나는 미라마르의 학교였는데, 여기서 일단의 작은 형제들이 회교도들 가운데서 일하기 위한 전문과정을 이수하였다. *아스콜리의 복자 곤라도 축일 4월19일 1회원은 아니지만 프란치스칸 대지성들 명부에 빠져서는 안될 인물이 있으니 그는 '조명적 박사(Doctor Illuminato)'라 불리는 라이몬도 룰로(+1316)이다. 그의 독창적인 사상은 작은형제적 분위기로 충만되어 있으며, 형제회 일각에서 철학의 후기 발전에 지대한 영향을 미쳤다. 철학자요 신비가, 시인이며 사도인 그는 학문을 단지 비신자들, 이단자들, 냉담자들을 회개시키기 위한 것으로만 본다. 그의 가장 유명한 작품인 동시에 그에게 있어 가장 중요한 작품은 '예술대전'인데, 일종의 변증법적 기술서로서 모든 학문적인 문제를 해결코자 시도하고 있다. update 2012.6.21.
Beato Raimondo Lullo Terziario francescano, martire Nasce a Maiorca nel 1235 da famiglia nobile. In gioventù intraprende la carriera politica al seguito del figlio del re d’Aragona. Si sposa ed ha due figli, ma intorno ai trent’anni entra nell’Ordine francescano dedicandosi allo studio e a viaggi di conoscenza, con lo scopo diffondere il cristianesimo soprattutto tra i musulmani. Fonda un collegio per far studiare l’arabo ai francescani e scrive numerosi trattati di formazione missionaria che gli varranno il titolo di «dottore illuminato». Parte poi verso il Medio Oriente dove tenta la via della conciliazione tra cristiani d’Oriente e d’Occidente e nel Nord Africa a predicare tra i musulmani, con spirito tenace anche oltre le difficoltà e gli insuccessi. Muore nel 1316 tornando dall’Africa, e viene sepolto con grandi onori a Maiorca. La fama popolare di beato circonda la sua figura subito dopo la morte, ma solo nel 1850 Pio IX ne approverà il culto, che già gli veniva tributato in Catalogna e nell’Ordine francescano. (Avvenire) Martirologio Romano: Nel braccio di mare di fronte all’isola di Maiorca, beato Raimondo Lullo, religioso del Terz’Ordine di San Francesco e martire, che, uomo di grande cultura e di illuminata dottrina, per propagare il Vangelo di Cristo instaurò con i Saraceni un fraterno dialogo. Gli è andato bene tutto: famiglia nobile e ricca, e di conseguenza un’ottima educazione; poi l’amicizia col secondogenito del re d’Aragona, don Giacomo, che eredita dal padre il singolare e poco duraturo “Regno di Maiorca”, con le Isole Baleari, le regioni di Montpellier e di Perpignano. Di questo re, lui diventa una sorta di primo ministro; si sposa, gli nascono due figli. Ma sui trent’anni lascia tutto e si mette furiosamente a studiare: filosofia, teologia, lingua araba. Viaggia molto, andrà otto volte a Roma e lo scopo della sua esistenza è ormai uno solo: diffondere il cristianesimo intanto tra i musulmani presenti nelle Baleari, ma andarlo pure a predicare in Africa. Ed è tra i primi a capire che bisogna conoscere bene a fondo la cultura dei popoli che si vogliono evangelizzare. Autore: Domenico Agasso Font
Blessed Raymond LullJun 132009 Memorial Profile Franciscan tertiary. Friend of Raymond of Penyafort Worked to convert Muslims in the Iberian peninsula, and then in north Africa. He tried to interest the Vatican and assorted European royal courts in this work, travelling throughout Italy, France, England and Germany in search of support, but received little help. He learned Arabic, founded a school for Arabic study on Majorca in 1276, and encouraged the study of Arab language and culture. Travelled three times to Tunis to preach to the Muslims, but was forcibly deported. Raymond wrote over 300 works in Latin, Arabic and Catalan on theology, logic, philosophy; wrote fiction and poetry. Known as a alchemist, he had no training in occult arts, and invented his own Christian-based concepts to explain alchemical mysteries. Reputed to have solved the “lead-into-gold” mystery; legend says he worked on it to finance missionary work. He had a small but devoted band of followers known as Lullists who continued their work after his death, though some of them drifted away from the Church in search of alchemical knowledge. His work in this area has been the source of controversy for centuries, and non-Christian occult groups have seen him as a “master” or whatever term they use. Born
Beatified Additional Information MLA Citation
"Ramon, or Raymond, Lull was born on the island of Majorca. At first a Dominican he became a Fransiscan in 1295 and achieved a great reputation as an educator and Christian missionary, learning Arabic with the purpose of converting the Muslims. He travelled widely and was active in Rome, Paris and Montpellier, the latter city at that time belonging to Aragon. He headed three apostolic missions to Africa, where he was killed in 1316. Lull composed some 150 books, treatises and poems, writing on logic, theology, Christian apologetics, chivalry, education, physics, medicine and alchemy. His knowledge of medicine was superficial, and "his writings on the subject are negligible, except as illustrations of his logical obsession''(Sarton). His reputation as an alchemist became very great after his death although, during his lifetime, he attacked the alchemy of his time and did not believe in the transmutation of metals. He has been credited with the discovery of ''sweet vitriol'' (sulphuric ether) even though a search through his works reveals no description of this discovery. In the years following his death, his reputation as a scholar and alchemist was very great, his fame equalling that of the other grear Catalan, Arnald of Villanova" (A History of Medicine, Major). An early edition of the famous "Art" of the great Catalan mystic philosopher, a scheme of teaching which became famous as the "Lullian method" and was later revised and improved by Giordano Bruno. Lull set himself to construct a method which by mechanically presenting all predicates which could attach to any subject was adapted to answer any questions on any topic.He gave himself up with the fervour of a divinely appointed missionary to the work of spreading his "great art" in every country. The handsome woodcuts, mostly with bold decorative borders, include several representations of trees systematising branches of learning, four large astrological woodcuts, and two large anatomical woodcuts in a section on medicine extending to 30 leaves.
"Doctor Illuminatus", philosopher, poet, and theologian, b. at Palma in Majorca, between 1232 and 1236; d. at Tunis, 29 June, 1315. Probably a courtier at the court of King James of Aragon until thirty years of age, he then became a hermit and afterwards a tertiary of the Order of St. Francis. From that time he seemed to be inspired with extraordinary zeal for the conversion of the Mohammedan world. To this end he advocated the study of Oriental languages and the refutation of Arabian philosophy, especially that of Averroes. He founded a school for the members of his community in Majorca, where special attention was given to Arabic and Chaldean. Later he taught in Paris. About 1291 he went to Tunis, preached to the Saracens, disputed with them in philosophy, and after another brief sojourn in Paris, returned to the East as a missionary. After undergoing many hardships and privations he returned to Europe in 1311 for the purpose of laying before the Council of Vienna his plans for the conversion of the Moors. Again in 1315 he set out for Tunis, where he was stoned to death by the Saracens. Raymond''s literary activity was inspired by the same purpose as his missionary and educational efforts. In the numerous writings (about 300) which came from his facile pen, in Catalonian as well as in Latin, he strove to show the errors of Averroism and to expound Christian theology in such a manner that the Saracens themselves could not fail to see the truth. With the same purpose in view, he invented a mechanical contrivance, a logical machine, in which the subjects and predicates of theological propositions were arranged in circles, squares, triangles, and other geometrical figures, so that by moving a lever, turning a crank, or causing a wheel to revolve, the propositions would arrange themselves in the affirmative or negative and thus prove themselves to be true. This device he called the Ars Generalis Ultima or the Ars Magna, and to the description and explanation of it he devoted his most important works. Underlying this scheme was a theoretical philosophy, or rather a theosophy, for the essential element in Raymond''s method was the identification of theology with philosophy. The scholastics of the thirteenth century maintained that, while the two sciences agree, so that what is true in philosophy cannot be false in theology, or vice versa, they are, nevertheless, two distinct sciences, differing especially in that theology makes use of revelation as a source, while philosophy relies on reason alone. The Arabians had completely separated them by maintaining the twofold standard of truth, according to which what is false in philosophy may be true in theology. Raymond, carried on by his zeal for the refutation of the Arabians, went to the opposite extreme. He held that there is no distinction between philosophy and theology, between reason and faith, so that even the highest mysteries may be proved by means of logical demonstration and the us of the Ars Magna. This of course removed all distinction between natural and supernatural truth. Unlike Abelard''s, however, Raymond''s rationalism was of the mystic type: he taught expressly that, for the understanding of the highest truths, reason must be aided by faith; that once faith has flooded the soul with its radiance, reason, enlightened and strengthened by faith, "is as capable of showing that there are three persons in one God as it is of proving that there cannot be three Gods". "Relying on the grace of God", he writes, "I intend to prove the articles of faith by convincing reasons" ("Opera", Strasburg ed., p. 966). On the other hand, he held that, although reason needs the Divine assistance, faith is just as much in need of reason; faith may deceive us unless reason guides it. He who relies on faith alone is like a blind man who, relying on the sense of touch, can sometimes find what he wants but often misses it; to be certain of finding his object he needs sight as well as touch. So Raymond held that a man, in order to find out the truth about God, must bring reason to the task as well as faith. These principles were taken up by the followers of Raymond, known as Lullists, who for a time had so great an influence, especially in Spain, that they succeeded in founding chairs at the Universities of Barcelona and Valencia for the propagation of the doctrines of the "Illuminated Doctor". The Church authorities, however, recognized the dangerous consequences which follow from the breaking down of the distinction between natural and supernatural truth. Consequently, in spite of his praiseworthy zeal and his crown of martyrdom, Raymond has not been canonized. His rationalistic mysticism was formally condemned by Gregory XI in 1376 and the condemnation was renewed by Paul IV. Raymond''s works were published in ten folio volumes at Mainz, 1721-1742. There are, besides, several editions of portions of his writings. His poems and popular treatises, written in Catalonian, had a very wide circulation, in his own day, and their style has won him a high place in the history of medieval Spanish literature. The best know edition of the works in which he describes his logical machine is the Strasburg edition of 1651. The "Rivista Lulliana", a periodical devoted to the exposition of Raymond''s philosophy, was started at Barcelona in 1901. Book recommendations
Blessed Raymond Lully Known as the Doctor Illuminatus. Born in 1232 in Pilma, Majorca Island; died in 1315 near Cabrera Island. During the early years of his life, he was prominent at the court of King James the Conqueror. By a heavenly apparition he was inspired to convert the Mohammedans. In 1266 he became a member of the Third Order of Saint Francis. After a brief effort to propagate Christianity at Tunis, he was forced to leave and go to Naples. He taught physics at Paris for some time and then began missionary work in Armenia, Cyprus, and Egypt. His teaching is characterized by a rationalistic mysticism by which he identified theology with philosophy, failing to discriminate between natural and supernatural truth. The Church, fearing the dangers that might follow from so extreme a rationalism has withheld his canonization. He was stoned at Bougie, Africa, and died from the wounds. Relics in cathedral of Palma. Feast, 3 July; O.F.M., 27 November.
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